Equipment"-restrict or eliminate the use of lead in a variety of products. These restric- tions have resulted in the commercial adoption of lead-free solder alloys, typically tin- silver-copper alloys. In addition, industry adopted tin finishes without lead, sometimes codeposited with other elements, such as copper or bismuth. Tin finishes pose risks for short circuits in the assembled electronics due to conductive tin whiskers that grow from these finishes. Parts management ensures the mitigation of risks to military systems posed by the commercial supply chain's transition to the use of lead-free parts.
Total Ownership Cost and Parts Management
Government and industry program managers and contractors must manage their scarce re- sources carefully to procure the advanced technology systems and equipment needed to pro- vide required capabilities whose cost of operational support when fielded is affordable. Therefore, the total ownership cost of weapons systems or equipment is an important consider- ation for the program office.
Costs
The costs reflected in the contract should include implementing and maintaining a parts manage- ment process for the life of the contract. These costs should support the parts management process elements tasking referenced in MIL-STD-3018, "Parts Management." The costs are a function of the individual weapons system or equipment acquisition contract life-cycle phase. The costs will be highest for the engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) phase, be- cause major design and supporting part selection occurs during EMD. Also during the EMD phase, the contractor should ensure the subcontractors' participation to the extent necessary to meet contractual requirements and the PMP objectives.
Benefits
Parts management helps reduce equipment design and life-cycle costs by promoting the applica- tion of commonly used parts. Standardization of parts and the replacement of numerous similar parts with one common part can result in fewer purchase orders and larger procurement quanti- ties of the smaller numbers of unique parts. Larger part-type purchases enable both the contractor and the customer to benefit from the economies of scale. Part standardization also helps the con- tractor avoid the increased cost of maintaining technical data and storing, tracking, and distribut- ing multiple parts.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Although many of the cost avoidance factors that are the benefits of parts management are in- tangible, an analysis of historical parts management data clearly shows that the tangible benefits of reducing the proliferation of part types in new design can be substantial. Cost factors may
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